Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Blurred words on a page. Faces losing definition. Dullness all around. These changes may seem like simple vision strain. They could signal something more serious; age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This progressive eye condition affects millions and makes once-clear details harder to see. The good news is early detection and treatment can slow its impact.

What is Age-Related Macular Degeneration?

Age-related macular degeneration is a progressive eye disease. It affects the macula, the central part of the retina. It leads to a gradual loss of sharp, central vision, making it harder to read, recognise faces, or see fine details. Peripheral vision usually remains unaffected.

AMD is one of the leading causes of vision loss in older adults. It typically develops after the age of 60, with risks increasing over time. The condition occurs when the macula deteriorates due to age-related thinning in dry AMD or abnormal blood vessel growth in wet AMD.

Though age related macular degeneration does not cause total blindness, it can significantly impact daily life. Regular eye check-ups help detect it early, allowing better management and treatment options to slow its progression.

Types of AMD

Age-related macular degeneration is classified into two types: dry AMD and wet AMD. Each progresses differently and affects vision in distinct ways.

Dry age related macular degeneration: This is the more common form. It affects approximately 85-90% of AMD patients. It develops slowly as the macula thins over time. Yellow deposits called drusen accumulate under the retina, disrupting vision. In the early stages, people may not notice significant changes. However, as it advances, central vision can become blurred or distorted.

Wet age related macular degeneration: Though less common, wet AMD progresses rapidly and can cause severe vision loss. It occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina, leaking fluid or blood. This leads to swelling, scarring, and sudden deterioration of central vision. Wet AMD requires immediate medical attention to prevent further damage.

Causes of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

The exact cause of age related macular degeneration is unknown, but several risk factors are known to contribute to its development. 

The condition primarily affects older adults, with the likelihood increasing after 50.

Key risk factors are as follows:

• Age – The biggest risk factor, with cases rising significantly in people over 60.
• Genetics – A family history of AMD increases susceptibility.
• Smoking – Tobacco use damages blood vessels in the retina, accelerating vision loss.
• Obesity – Excess body weight may speed up progression to advanced age related macular degeneration.
• High Blood Pressure – Poor circulation affects the retina’s health.
• Prolonged Sunlight Exposure – Blue light from intense sunlight may contribute to retinal damage.
• Unhealthy diet – A lack of antioxidants, vitamins, and omega-3 fatty acids weakens eye health.

While ageing cannot be controlled, lifestyle changes may help reduce the risk of AMD progression. Regular eye check-ups also aid in early detection.

Symptoms of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration symptoms often develop gradually. So, it is possible to overlook them in the early stages. The disease affects central vision, while peripheral vision remains intact.

Common symptoms include the following:

1. Blurred or hazy vision, especially while reading or recognising faces
2. Straight lines appearing wavy or distorted
3. Dark or empty spots in the centre of the vision
4. Difficulty adjusting to low-light conditions
5. Reduced colour intensity and brightness

Symptoms may differ between dry age related macular degeneration and wet age related macular degeneration. Dry AMD progresses slowly, while wet AMD can cause sudden and severe vision loss. Anyone experiencing these signs should seek medical attention promptly. Book your appointment at Nethradhama Super Speciality Eye Hospital today.

Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

While age related macular degeneration cannot be reversed, modern treatments can slow its progression and help preserve vision. With the right care, many people continue to lead active, independent lives. The treatment approach depends on whether the condition is dry age related macular degeneration or wet age related macular degeneration.

Treatment for dry age related macular degeneration: Although no specific medical cure exists for dry AMD, certain steps can support eye health and slow its effects.

1. Nutritional supplements – A diet rich in antioxidants, lutein, and omega-3s may slow progression in some cases.
2. Healthy lifestyle choices – Quitting smoking, regular exercise, and good blood pressure control support retinal function.
3. Low vision aids – Magnifiers, high-contrast glasses, and adaptive lighting improve daily tasks, but do not slow the disease.

Treatment for wet age related macular degeneration: Wet AMD progresses faster, but advanced treatments can help stabilise vision.

1. Anti-VEGF injections – These medications prevent abnormal blood vessel growth and reduce leakage.
2. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) – Occasionally used when anti-VEGF treatment is not effective.
3. Laser therapy – In rare cases, laser treatment may be used for specific types of retinal bleeding.

For expert guidance and age related macular degeneration treatment, Nethradhama Super Speciality Eye Hospital provides state-of-the-art solutions for better eye health.

Complications of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration does not cause complete blindness, but it can affect daily activities and independence if left unmanaged. 

Early detection and timely treatment of age related macular degeneration can help reduce risks and improve quality of life.

Potential vision challenges may include the following:

Reduced central vision – Tasks like reading, recognising faces, or driving may become harder.

Distorted vision – Straight lines may appear wavy or bent, affecting perception.

Difficulty in low light – Adjusting to dim surroundings may take longer than usual.

Increased dependence on peripheral vision – The outer field of sight remains functional, but adapting to it takes time.

With proper care, lifestyle adjustments, and the right treatment, many people continue to lead fulfilling lives. 

Low-vision aids, support from specialists, and early intervention make a significant difference.

How to Prevent Age-Related Macular Degeneration

While ageing is inevitable, small daily choices can protect vision and reduce the risk of age related macular degeneration. Prevention starts early—caring for eye health in your 40s or 50s can delay or slow down AMD’s progression later in life.

Here are 6 steps to keep your eyes healthy and reduce the chances of AMD.

1. Make smart food choices – Add leafy greens, berries, and fish to meals for stronger retinal support.
2. Shield your eyes from sunlight – Wear UV-protective sunglasses whenever outdoors to reduce retinal damage.
3. Quit smoking today – Stopping tobacco use at any stage benefits vision and overall health.
4. Stay active and keep moving – Regular physical activity improves blood circulation to the eyes.
5. Monitor blood pressure – Keep hypertension under control to prevent damage to eye vessels.
6. Schedule routine eye tests – Even without symptoms, an annual eye check-up helps detect AMD early.

Taking these simple yet effective steps can help maintain eye health and reduce the risk of AMD progression.