Nystagmus: Causes, Symptoms, Types, and Treatment Options

A pair of steady eyes is something most people take for granted. But what if your vision was constantly shifting, making it hard to focus? This is the daily reality for individuals with nystagmus. This condition causes involuntary, rhythmic eye movements, disrupting vision and making simple tasks like reading or recognising faces challenging. While nystagmus cannot always be cured, modern treatments can help improve vision and stability. 

What is Nystagmus? 

Nystagmus is a condition characterised by involuntary, rhythmic eye movements. These movements can be side to side, up and down, or in circles. They may happen constantly or in certain situations. 

People with this condition often struggle to focus on objects. The involuntary motion makes it difficult to read, drive, or maintain eye contact.

This eye condition can be present from birth, known as congenital nystagmus. It can also develop later in life due to neurological issues, eye disorders, or head injuries. 

The severity varies – some people have mild nystagmus symptoms, while others experience significant vision problems. Although nystagmus is not always curable, treatment can help improve vision and stability.

Types of Nystagmus

Nystagmus is classified based on its cause and movement pattern. The two main types are congenital and acquired.

1. Congenital nystagmus: 

This type of nystagmus appears at birth or within the first few months of life. The eye movements are usually rhythmic and occur in both eyes. Vision may be affected, but the brain often adapts over time. People with congenital nystagmus sometimes develop a null point—a specific head position that reduces the intensity of eye movements.

2. Acquired nystagmus: 

This develops later in life due to medical conditions, trauma, or neurological disorders. Certain types of acquired nystagmus can cause dizziness and balance issues, particularly if linked to the vestibular system. Unlike congenital nystagmus, acquired forms can lead to sudden vision disturbances, requiring immediate medical attention.

Nystagmus Causes 

Several factors can lead to nystagmus. Some people are born with it, while others develop it due to medical conditions or external influences.

Congenital nystagmus causes are often linked to genetic factors or eye development issues. Conditions like congenital cataracts, retina abnormalities, or albinism can contribute to its onset. These cases typically appear early in life and remain stable over time.

Acquired nystagmus can result from neurological disorders, head injuries, or drug side effects. Conditions like multiple sclerosis, stroke, or brain tumours may trigger it. Excessive alcohol consumption and certain medications can also cause temporary eye movements.

Nystagmus Symptoms 

Symptoms vary depending on the type and severity of nystagmus. The most noticeable sign is involuntary eye movement, but other effects can impact daily life.

People with nystagmus often struggle with blurred vision, dizziness, and difficulty focusing on objects. The eyes may move rapidly in horizontal, vertical, or circular patterns. Some individuals develop a head tilt to find a position that reduces movement. Conditions like astigmatism, or nearsightedness often accompany it, further affecting clarity. In some cases, individuals with albinism-related nystagmus may experience light sensitivity. Symptoms may worsen with fatigue or stress.

It is important to note that nystagmus symptoms can resemble those of neurological and eye conditions. A specialist can help distinguish between these conditions, ensuring accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment to improve vision and stability.

How is Nystagmus Diagnosed? 

Doctors use several tests to detect and evaluate nystagmus. The goal is to determine the cause, severity, and impact on vision.

Eye examination: A comprehensive eye test assesses visual clarity, eye movement, and overall eye health. Doctors check for conditions like cataracts, retina disorders, or astigmatism that may contribute to symptoms.

Neurological and imaging tests: A test for acquired nystagmus may include MRI or CT scans to examine brain structures. These scans help detect neurological causes such as multiple sclerosis or brain tumours. Additional balance and coordination tests may also be performed.

Nystagmus Treatment 

Nystagmus treatment depends on the underlying cause. While some cases cannot be cured, various options help improve vision and reduce eye movements.

1. Glasses or contact lenses enhance clarity for individuals with nystagmus. Medications like gabapentin or memantine may help control eye movement in some cases, only if prescribed by the neurologist. Eye muscle surgery can adjust head positioning, improving visual stability. While LASIK can correct refractive errors, it does not treat nystagmus itself.
2. Vision therapy strengthens eye coordination, helping some individuals manage symptoms better. Adjusting lighting conditions and using larger print can ease daily activities. Low vision aids are another tool that can help ease symptoms and assist in daily activities. 

Prevention of Nystagmus 

Not all cases of nystagmus can be prevented. However, certain measures can reduce the risk of developing acquired forms of this condition.

Head injuries are a common cause of acquired nystagmus. Wearing helmets during sports and using seat belts while driving can prevent trauma-related cases. Regular eye check-ups help detect conditions like cataracts or retina disorders early, preventing complications.

Neurological disorders, vitamin deficiencies, and excessive alcohol consumption can contribute to nystagmus. A balanced diet, controlled alcohol intake, and treating conditions like multiple sclerosis or stroke can lower the risk. However, some causes of acquired nystagmus, such as strokes or neurological diseases, may not be entirely preventable. 

Conclusion

Living with nystagmus can be challenging, but the right support and treatments can improve vision and daily life. While some cases are lifelong, advancements in eye care provide better management options. Early diagnosis and intervention make a significant difference.

Nethradhama Super Speciality Eye Hospital offers diagnostics and treatments for nystagmus. Their expert team ensures personalised care, helping patients achieve clearer vision and greater stability.