Cortical Cataract: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Have you noticed a halo dancing around the edges of objects? If yes, you may have faced difficulty reading, making words blurry. There is a possibility these could be signs of a cortical cataract. This is a condition that quietly clouds your vision from the outer layer of the lens (cortex) inward. 

What is a Cortical Cataract?

A cortical cataract refers to the clouding that develops in the outer layer of the eye’s lens, called the cortex. It starts at the periphery and slowly creeps inward like spokes on a bicycle wheel. Unlike other types, this one distorts light entering the eye, especially in low-light conditions. 

People may struggle with reduced contrast sensitivity and depth perception, and glares become more frequent, particularly at night. The term cortical senile cataract is often used when this type of cataract occurs due to aging. If left unattended, it may significantly impact daily functioning. Over time, the clouding becomes denser and starts to obscure central vision as well.

How Common are Cortical Cataracts?

Among all cataract types, cortical cataracts are widely observed, especially in older adults. According to population-based studies, they affect a significant percentage of individuals above the age of 60 in India. Those exposed to prolonged UV rays or with poorly managed diabetes are more vulnerable. 

Early detection through routine eye check-ups helps reduce long-term visual decline. While nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataracts often dominate discussions, cortical ones remain a significant cause of preventable vision impairment. The visibility of lens opacities under light further aids in early detection.

Causes of Cortical Cataract

Multiple triggers can contribute to the formation of a cortical cataract. Excessive exposure to sunlight over the years plays a big role. Poorly controlled blood sugar levels also contribute by affecting lens metabolism. An old or untreated eye injury may disrupt the lens structure and lead to clouding. Smoking and prolonged use of steroids can further hasten the process. 

While some cases are linked to age-related degeneration, others may be genetic or due to trauma. Sometimes, the onset is silent, i.e. no pain, no redness, just a gradual shift in clarity. Oxidative stress in the lens fibres is also a notable factor.

Cortical Cataract Symptoms

This condition doesn’t always announce itself with drama. You may first notice light scattering at night or during drives. Double vision in one eye might follow. Some people complain of a milky haze, others see halos or ghost images. 

As the condition progresses, blurred vision can become more frequent, especially under bright lights. Colours may lose their richness. Reading in dim light feels harder than usual. These sensory disruptions are often subtle but can become disabling if ignored. Headlight glare while driving at night is a particularly common complaint. Even daily routines like cooking or sewing may start to feel off. Some individuals may also experience mild light sensitivity (photophobia).

Diagnosis of Cortical Cataract

Diagnosing a cortical cataract involves a detailed slit-lamp exam. This microscope-based technique helps your ophthalmologist examine the lens structure closely. The doctor may also use dilation drops to get a better look at the internal lens. In some cases, contrast sensitivity tests help assess the impact on day-to-day functioning. 

Cortical cataract grading, often done using the LOCS III system, helps determine the extent of progression and if treatment is needed. The process is painless and non-invasive. In most cases, they last only a few minutes. Digital imaging may be used to record changes over time. 

Treatment for Cortical Cataract

When vision disruption begins affecting your lifestyle, cortical cataract treatment is often recommended. In the early stages, stronger prescription lenses or anti-glare glasses may offer some relief. But as the clouding worsens, surgery becomes the most effective choice. 

Cortical cataract surgery typically involves phacoemulsification, where the clouded lens is replaced with an artificial intraocular lens. The procedure is quick, typically under 30 minutes, and recovery is smooth in most cases. Hence, book an appointment at Nethradhama today if you suspect you have cortical cataract. 

Risks and Complications of Cortical Cataract

Leaving a cortical cataract untreated may lead to a slow but permanent decline in sight. As light distortion increases, your ability to perform daily tasks drops. Falls, accidents, and medication errors can follow due to visual confusion. 

Post-surgery, rare complications include inflammation, temporary swelling, or infection. Lens dislocation is extremely rare and usually related to pre-existing conditions. Don’t worry much, as these are often manageable with early intervention. People with coexisting conditions such as myopia or glaucoma may require tailored care plans. In some advanced cases, a delayed return to clear vision can occur, though outcomes remain positive when procedures are done early. 

How to Prevent Cortical Cataract

While ageing cannot be paused, certain actions reduce the chances of cortical cataract development. Always wear UV-protective sunglasses when outdoors, even on cloudy days. Maintain healthy blood sugar levels and stay hydrated. Quit smoking  [if you haven’t already. ]

Regular eye check-ups after the age of 40 can help catch early signs. If you have had an eye injury, don’t delay seeking help, even if vision seems unaffected. Protect your eyes when working with chemicals or machinery. Eating antioxidant-rich foods such as spinach, almonds, and carrots may support lens health over the years.