Yellow Eyes: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Our eyes speak volumes, not only about our emotions but also our health. Right from deficiencies to infections and disorders of certain organs, various conditions can be identified by looking at the eyes. 

A simple eye examination can indicate various conditions such as vitamin deficiencies, anaemia, hypertension, diabetes, vascular diseases, thyroid imbalances and even cancers and tumours. One such symptomatic indication is yellow eyes. 

What Are Yellow Eyes? 

Yellow eyes are a telltale sign of jaundice, which is often an indication of an underlying disorder of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, or blood. When the conjunctiva, the thin layer covering the sclera (the white part of the eyes), turns yellow, it suggests a significant increase in bilirubin. This yellowing of the eyes is called conjunctival or scleral icterus.

Bilirubin is an orange-yellow substance that is usually formed due to the normal breakdown of red blood cells. The liver filters bilirubin from the blood and creates bile, which is then eliminated from the body.

However, if this process is impaired, bilirubin accumulates in the tissues throughout the body, causing yellow eyes. Some common conditions that can cause an increase in bilirubin include anaemia, viral hepatitis, and liver disorders. Jaundice is a symptom that the liver, gall bladder or bile ducts may not be functioning normally. 

You should always see your doctor if your eyes turn yellow. Treatments vary based on the cause and may include dietary changes, avoiding alcohol, medications such as antivirals, or medical procedures in cases of bile duct obstruction.

Common Causes of Yellow Eyes

Some common causes of yellow eyes are: 

1. Vitamin deficiency

Some vitamin deficiencies, particularly B12, may be linked to increased bilirubin levels and jaundice eyes.

2. High alcohol intake or cirrhosis

Heavy drinking over time can lead to liver damage. This, in turn, may cause cirrhosis, where healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue. This impairs liver function, leading to jaundice and yellow eyes. 

3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Too much fat build-up in the liver may also lead to liver inflammation and scarring, increasing the risk of jaundice. 

4. Anaemia

Anaemia is a condition where the blood lacks healthy red blood cells. In haemolytic anaemia or sickle cell anaemia, the body breaks down red blood cells faster than normal, leading to excess bilirubin. This condition may be genetic or triggered by infections or autoimmune disorders.

5. Malaria

The malaria parasite, transmitted through mosquito bites, can cause red blood cell destruction, leading to anaemia and jaundice. 

6. Incorrect blood transfusion

Getting blood of the wrong type causes a breakdown of the immune system, releasing bilirubin and causing jaundice. Although extremely rare, it could also be a cause for jaundice.

7. Hepatitis and pancreatitis 

Hepatitis refers to liver inflammation caused by Hepatitis A, B, C, or other infections. It can be acute or chronic, with jaundice being a major symptom. Liver infections can also be caused by contaminated water, certain parasites, and exposure to toxins.

8. Gallstones

Hardened deposits in the gallbladder can block bile ducts, preventing the normal drainage of bilirubin and causing yellowing of the eyes.

9. Genetic disorders and autoimmune conditions

Certain genetic disorders, such as Gilbert’s Syndrome, affect bilirubin metabolism, leading to mild, recurring jaundice. Autoimmune diseases like primary biliary cholangitis and sarcoidosis may also cause liver dysfunction and jaundice.

10. Medications 

Some medications, including penicillin, birth control pills, and steroids, can impact liver function and contribute to jaundice.

Symptoms of Yellow Eyes

The obvious symptom of jaundice is yellowing of the eyes. It may be accompanied by the yellowing of the skin, dark urine, and pale stools. One may also experience acute fatigue and tiredness.

Some other symptoms accompanying yellow eyes are itching of the skin, fever, a feeling of fullness in the stomach, loss of appetite, nausea and sudden weight loss.

Diagnosis of Yellow Eyes

Doctors may perform blood tests to measure bilirubin levels, liver function tests, and complete blood counts to determine the underlying cause of jaundice.

Imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRIs may be recommended to check for liver or gallbladder abnormalities.

Reviewing other presenting symptoms, the patient’s medical history, and a thorough physical examination, along with the test and scan results, will help in an accurate diagnosis of the main cause of the yellow eyes.

How to Treat Yellow Eyes?

Treatment depends on the underlying cause:

• If liver infections are the cause, doctors may prescribe antiviral, antibacterial, or antifungal medications.
• In cases of haemolytic anaemia, treatment may involve managing underlying conditions and, in severe cases, blood transfusions.
• Bile duct blockages caused by gallstones may require surgical or non-surgical procedures.
• If alcohol-related liver disease is responsible, abstinence from alcohol is crucial to prevent further liver damage.

A nutritious diet can support liver recovery. Since the liver metabolises most nutrients, easily digestible foods are recommended. Patients are advised to drink more water and consume liver-friendly foods such as fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, nuts, and legumes.

How to Prevent Yellow Eyes?

Prevention of jaundice eyes varies according to age and cause.

• Neonatal jaundice: This condition is common in newborns and may resolve on its own. In severe cases, phototherapy (light treatment) under medical supervision is required. Breastfeeding can help reduce bilirubin levels by promoting its excretion.
• Vaccination: Vaccination against Hepatitis A and B can significantly reduce the risk of jaundice-related liver infections.
• Healthy diet and lifestyle: Eating a balanced diet with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can promote liver health. Avoiding excessive alcohol and limiting the intake of processed and fatty foods can help prevent liver-related jaundice.
• Hydration and hygiene: Staying hydrated and maintaining proper hygiene can prevent infections like hepatitis A and E, which are transmitted through contaminated food and water.
• Avoiding toxins: Limiting exposure to harsh chemicals, insecticides, and aerosols can help protect liver function.

Conclusion

Yellow eyes can often be prevented by maintaining good hygiene, a healthy diet, and proper medical care.

Since yellowing of the eyes is a sign of an underlying health issue, seeking medical attention at the earliest is essential. Understanding the causes of yellow eyes and consulting a healthcare professional for treatment can help prevent complications. After all, taking responsibility for our health and well-being is in our hands.